GPTCloneBench: A comprehensive benchmark of semantic clones and cross-language clones using GPT-3 model and SemanticCloneBench

With the emergence of Machine Learning, there has been a surge in leveraging its capabilities for problem-solving across various domains. In the code clone realm, the identification of type-4 or semantic clones has emerged as a crucial yet challenging task. Researchers aim to utilize Machine Learning to tackle this challenge, often relying on the BigCloneBench dataset. However, it's worth noting that BigCloneBench, originally not designed for semantic clone detection, presents several limitations that hinder its suitability as a comprehensive training dataset for this specific purpose. Furthermore, CLCDSA dataset suffers from a lack of reusable examples aligning with real-world software systems, rendering it inadequate for cross-language clone detection approaches. In this work, we present a comprehensive semantic clone and cross-language clone benchmark, GPTCloneBench by exploiting SemanticCloneBench and OpenAI's GPT-3 model. In particular, using code fragments from SemanticCloneBench as sample inputs along with appropriate prompt engineering for GPT-3 model, we generate semantic and cross-language clones for these specific fragments and then conduct a combination of extensive manual analysis, tool-assisted filtering, functionality testing and automated validation in building the benchmark. From 79,928 clone pairs of GPT-3 output, we created a benchmark with 37,149 true semantic clone pairs, 19,288 false semantic pairs(Type-1/Type-2), and 20,770 cross-language clones across four languages (Java, C, C#, and Python). Our benchmark is 15-fold larger than SemanticCloneBench, has more functional code examples for software systems and programming language support than CLCDSA, and overcomes BigCloneBench's qualities, quantification, and language variety limitations.Comment: Accepted in 39th IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution(ICSME 2023

IMPACT OF DRUG USE ON QUALITY OF LIFE IN FOLLOW UP PATIENTS OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL IN EASTERN INDIA

Introduction: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) includes unstable angina, non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Joint guidelines by American College of Cardiology (ACC) and American Heart Association (AHA) in 2007 suggest secondary drug prevention measures to be used in patients with ACS with aspirin, clopidogrel/prasugrel, ACE inhibitors/ ARBs, Statins, Beta blockers. This study is aimed to find out impact of drug use in quality of life of ACS patients during follow up period. Materials and methods: It was a prospective unicentric study done at the OPD of cardiology,R.G.Kar Medical college, Kolkata. All prescriptions issued to study subjects attending the cardiology clinic during 18 months period were intercepted after consultation. Pattern of drug use was noted. Patients were asked 21 questions of “Minnesota living with heart disease questionnaire†and scores were calculated in 3 visits of each patient. Impact of drug use was calculated. Results: 525 patients were included in study. aspirin was given in 100%, clopidogrel/prasugrel in 98.29%, ACEI/ARB in 87.43%, statins in 100%, beta blockers in 86.86%. Total 408 patients were given drugs from all 5 groups. There was overall significant satisfactory improvement with drug therapy. Prescription of all 5 drug groups had significant better outcome in quality of life score than prescription of less than 5 drug groups. Conclusion: Drugs from all these 5 groups should be given to all follow up patients of ACS, unless contraindicated as they significantly improve quality of life of the patients. *- ACE- angiotensin converting enzyme, ARB- angiotensin receptor blocker. Â

Embedded Emotion-based Classification of Stack Overflow Questions Towards the Question Quality Prediction

Abstract-Software developers often ask questions in Stack Overflow Q & A site, and their posted questions sometimes do not meet the standard guidelines. As a consequence, some of the questions are edited by expert users, some of them are down-voted, or some are even deleted permanently. Besides, the users (i.e., developers) might not get the expected solutions for their problems. In this paper, we study up-voted and down-voted questions from Stack Overflow, and analyze the relationship of embedded emotions with question quality. We use Sentiment140 API for identifying embedded emotions in the question texts, and then apply Feed-Forward Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) on the emotion data for developing a quality prediction model. Experiments using 38,920 Stack Overflow questions suggest about 70% precision and about 74% recall for our model with 10-fold cross-validation, and these findings clearly reveal the impact of human emotions upon the quality of a question

KNOWLEDGE OF HIV/AIDS AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL IN EASTERN INDIA-A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Objective- To evaluate the knowledge of HIV/AIDS among medical students in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Eastern India. Materials and Methods- Open level, cross sectional, observational and unicentric clinical trial was done among medical students of College of Medicine & JNM Hospital, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India. All the students (201) who were attending their scheduled lecture classes were given the questionnaire form, and all queries about the trial/questions were explained thoroughly. The form was filled up by each student separately, references like books, internet etc were not allowed. Forms submission box was placed in the table of lecture theatre. After 15 minutes, and students were asked to submit their forms in that box individually. Filled up forms were collected from the all attending students of all semester batch in the same day. Statiscal analysis was done in Department of Pharmacology.   Result & Analysis-100% students have heard the terms HIV, AIDS, STD. Female students know better than male students about the differences between HIV and AIDS, sign and symptoms of HIV. Although there is no difference about knowledge of mode of transmission of HIV, but female students are more awarded the vertical transmission from mother to child (p-0.006).Female students know better than male students about precaution to protect health worker dealing with an AIDS patient (p-0.0001).   Conclusion- Although, majority of students have the basic knowledge of HIV/AIDS, but periodical academic activities (Seminars, CME etc) are required to upgrade the informations about HIV/AIDS

Acute effects of hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis for COVID-19 in health care professionals – An online survey

707-712Hydroxychloroquine, an antimalarial, is being used worldwide for prophylaxis and treatment of Corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19). Though the drug is commonly used in many chronic inflammatory diseases for protracted periods, its safety in the new indication is still under scrutiny. Therefore, this institute based study sought to assess the acute adverse effects of hydroxychloroquine among in-house health care professionals who were taking the drug for COVID-19 prophylaxis. A questionnaire seeking information on the use of the drug was prepared and disseminated electronically to the target population. The responses were also received electronically and analysed. The participants (n=54) had taken prophylaxis for 1-7 weeks. The most common adverse effects in the cohort were nausea (02) and skin rash (02). The total number of adverse effects reported by the participants was 08. One incidence each of gastric upset (01), dizziness (01), pain abdomen (01), and chest tightness (01) was reported. None of the adverse effects were serious. Our study indicates that the prophylactic weekly single dose of hydroxychloroquine is not associated with any serious adverse effects within 1-7 weeks of initiation. Elucidation of the long term and chronic adverse effects, if any, requires further studies

Acute effects of hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis for COVID-19 in health care professionals – An online survey

Hydroxychloroquine, an antimalarial, is being used worldwide for prophylaxis and treatment of Corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19). Though the drug is commonly used in many chronic inflammatory diseases for protracted periods, its safety in the new indication is still under scrutiny. Therefore, this institute based study sought to assess the acute adverse effects of hydroxychloroquine among in-house health care professionals who were taking the drug for COVID-19 prophylaxis. A questionnaire seeking information on the use of the drug was prepared and disseminated electronically to the target population. The responses were also received electronically and analysed. The participants (n=54) had taken prophylaxis for 1-7 weeks. The most common adverse effects in the cohort were nausea (02) and skin rash (02). The total number of adverse effects reported by the participants was 08. One incidence each of gastric upset (01), dizziness (01), pain abdomen (01), and chest tightness (01) was reported. None of the adverse effects were serious. Our study indicates that the prophylactic weekly single dose of hydroxychloroquine is not associated with any serious adverse effects within 1-7 weeks of initiation. Elucidation of the long term and chronic adverse effects, if any, requires further studies

Molecular characterization and assessment of zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium from dairy cattle in West Bengal, India

Few studies in the past have examined the genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium in dairy cattle in India. To assess the importance of these animals as a source of human Cryptosporidium infections, fecal samples from 180 calves, heifers and adults and 51 farm workers on two dairy farms in West Bengal, India were genotyped by PCR-RFLP analysis of the 18S rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium followed by DNA sequencing of the PCR products. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out on the DNA sequences obtained in the study and those available in GenBank. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium in cattle was 11.7% though the infection was more prevalent in younger calves than in adult cattle. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium bovis, Cryptosporidium ryanae and Cryptosporidium andersoni in cattle followed an age-related pattern. A Cryptosporidium suis-like genotype was also detected in a calf. Farm workers were infected with Cryptosporidium hominis, C. parvum and a novel C. bovis genotype. These findings clearly suggest that there is a potential risk of zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium infections between cattle and humans on dairy farms in India